Mr. Weiss has authored 38 technical publications and has 53 presentations. Good quality photographs are essential. Perceptionreaction: This is the phase where the rider perceives a collision hazard and decides on a response. Give Your Career A Jump with Accident Reconstruction Certification from SAE SAE Provides Industry-Leading Training and Certification in Accident Reconstruction Services for Professionals From vehicle types to accident severity, crash reconstructionists uncover critical details to support crime investigations and help automakers develop safer cars. Engineers designing EDR's to meet part 563 regulations may also benefit from understanding how the data they store will be used. Inspection of the collision vehicle is most helpful when performing a reconstruction. WebThe results of applying this method to low speed rear end impact investigations has demonstrated that the procedure is valuable in bracketing the closing speed of a low This will help determine the yaw angle throughout the vehicle trajectory. The general velocity equation, along with an appropriate deceleration, may be used to determined post-impact velocities. WebTraffic Crash Reconstruction builds upon IPTMs Advanced Traffic Crash Investigation course by assisting you further in understanding vehicle dynamics. By way of example, vehicles impacting a rigid barrier at 30 to 35 mph exhibit restitution values of between about 0.15 and 0.2. [11] ICARS units are located in each RCMP District within the Province of B.C. the black box). To be physically realistic, an animation needs to be created by someone with a knowledge of physics, dynamics and engineering. WebTraffic Crash Reconstruction. An undergraduate degree in mechanical or electrical engineering or a strong technical background is highly recommended. nTG\ Closing Speed Consulting is a state licensed investigations company (License# A04151001) located in Rockwall, Texas. This curved path is indicative of a vehicle in yaw. Prior to consulting, Mr. Ruth worked 33 years for Ford Motor Company, and since 2008 managed the engineers who did field investigations of safety system performance in real world crashes including EDR imaging and analysis, and championed the release of Ford EDR data to the Bosch Crash Data Retrieval system, personally writing some of the data limitations. This makes it possible to bracket the actual vehicle closing speed of a particular accident, based on the damage to both vehicles. Pre-impact sliding: During braking, riders may overuse the motorcycle brakes, resulting in locking the front and/or rear wheel. SAVANNAH, Ga. (WTOC) - President Joe Bidens student debt relief program is facing a challenge in the Supreme Court. 1 0 obj How Do I Calculate Speed and Distance in a Car Accident Case? Typical units for length (or distance) are inches, feet, or meters. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Initially, the two sponges may touch at the corners, or at each end, but with increased force, the area of the contact surface of each sponge increases. If these speed correlation requirements are not met, there is an obvious error in the computations; or the assumptions and/or the estimates used in the calculation of one or both of the departure speeds are not valid. Starting with the beginning of the yawmark, if a relatively short chord is used, the calculated radius will be relatively high and the calculated speed will be relatively high. Our final reports are organized, detailed and easy to follow. The results of the collision reconstruction may include pre-impact speed, vehicle heading, post-impact speed, and change of velocity (or delta-v). Additional factors include steering angles, braking, use of lights, turn signals, speed, acceleration, engine rpm, cruise control, and anti-lock brakes. WebA: Closing speed is used to indicate the speed of approach of two colliding bodies immediately before contact. To simplify the analysis of a colliding vehicle, the entire mass of the vehicle is defined to be located at the cg. These examples are theoretical or text book applications of the general velocity equation. While these testing procedures may appear similar for a given speed, they are quite different in their severity and the damage that they cause to a given vehicle. READ RECAP: Stage set for closing arguments in Murdaugh murder trial. How do you tell how fast a car was going in an accident? The following material is not intended to be comprehensive, but should be considered an overview of fundamental principals. WebPre-WREX Reconstruction Course. This should always include the essential check on the correlation of these speeds. WebSolving momentum problems with EDR data when some data elements, such as departure speeds, departure angles, etc. Close agreement in the results obtained by two or more methods provides increased confidence. However, as collision speeds decrease, restitution often increases. Calculating Critical Speed - A Motor-Vehicle Crash Reconstruction Method Fraught with Error, The term critical speed as typically used in motor-vehicle crash reconstruction refers to using the centripetal acceleration equation to calculate that speed at which a vehicle will allegedly lose control as a function of cornering radius, tire-pavement friction, and cross-slope. After the analysis is completed, forensic engineers compile report findings, diagrams, and animations to form their expert testimony and conclusions relating to the collision. 911 calls appear to place former UGA defensive lineman at scene of deadly crash . Additional sources to be considered are witness statements and deposition transcripts. PRE-REQUISITE: Due to the highly technical subject matter, it is mandatory to have successfully completed IPTMs Advanced Traffic Crash Investigation (80 hours) course or its equivalent.. Traffic Crash Reconstruction builds upon the Some manufacturers provide stability control system data far beyond the US regulation that aid in understanding vehicle movement in the 5 seconds prior to the crash. The black box has no horse in the race. WebEngineers and traffic accident reconstructionists analyze accident reconstruction. Several other important terms include delta-v (or Dv), principal direction of force (PDOF), center of gravity, yaw, coefficient of restitution, and coefficient of friction. Our algorithm compares the damage done to vehicles in staged low-speed collisions. As such, when a vehicle is in yaw, the wheels will either roll, slide, or a combination of both depending on its yaw angle. From the general equation, it can be seen that the units of momentum are slugs or kg (mass) times ft/s or m/s (velocity), or lbsec or Nsec. I am a civil and mechanical engineer with 40 years of field experience and research in traffic accident investigation, reconstruction and causation. 4 What can you do with an accident reconstruction certificate? Questions such as, How fast was the vehicle going at impact? or How much did the vehicle slow during the locked-wheel braking? or At what angles did the two vehicles collide? can be answered by the reconstructionist after thorough evaluation of available information. If a two-vehicle collision is being analyzed, inspection of both vehicles should be requested. It is often given the variable name F, and is a measure of the relative slipperiness of two surfaces in contact. The direction of the PDOF is often given in terms of degrees or hours of a clock dial. This led to the establishment of "Accreditation Commission for Traffic Accident Reconstruction" (ACTAR), an industry accreditation group. "Follow the evidence wherever it leads you and question everything.". Speed Analys is; Motorcycle Crash Reconstructions; What skills do you need to be an accident investigator? Irregularities in the roadway surface mean different things to bicycle riders than they do to those operating motor vehicles, and these conditions need to be considered when investigating the riders actions. % It is owned by a full-time crash reconstructionist and Velocity is the rate change of distance with respect to time, or length per unit time, with units of mph or ft/s (also written as fps). For reprint permission, contact the publisher: www.plaintiffmagazine.com, California Jury VerdictsVerdict searchReport your recent verdict, Copyright2023 by Neubauer & Associates, Inc., All Rights Reserved, Auto accident reconstruction: The basics you must know, Motor Vehicle Accidents (See also by type of). You must complete all course contact hours and successfully pass the learning assessment to obtain CEUs. Inspection of the road surface is also vital, especially when traction has been lost due to black ice, diesel fuel contamination, or obstacles such as road debris. Similar in concept to the sponge, the structure of a vehicle deforms in an impact. Yaw will be studied in a misapplication of the skid to stop equation presented later. WebAccident Reconstruction Our ACTAR accredited accident reconstruction experts have expertise in all types of crashes including automobile collisions, commercial vehicle collisions, motorcycle collisions, pedestrian collisions, and farm implement accidents. 4 0 obj In the case of a two-vehicle collision, the system is the two colliding vehicles. How much does an ACL reconstruction surgery cost? Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Momentum is a vector quantity having direction and magnitude. Physical evidence at the scene combined with statements from witnesses can give clues as to what type of avoidance occurred. ET), Session 2 - November 2 (8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. Estimates can be made of the distance necessary for a vehicle to skid to a stop based on a pre-braking speed and a friction coefficient. By definition, = F/w, where F is the friction force that must be overcome to move an object of weight w. As an illustration, a commonly used value for a vehicles coefficient of friction under full locked-wheel braking on asphalt is 0.7. Similarly, the northbound component of V1s post-impact speed must be less than or equal to the northbound speed component of V2. Repair estimates, crash test reports, and vehicle specifications provide data necessary for calculations when vehicle weight, dimensions, and property damage are used. Closing Speed Consulting offers case reviews, crash investigation/reconstruction, black box downloads, drone mapping, laser scanning, human factors (perception-response), video analysis, visibility testing, and expert testimony. California Highway Patrol utilize a team deployment called MAIT ("Multidisciplinary Accident Investigation Team"). endobj Under real-world driving conditions, a driver traveling at 65 mph on a highway that encounters an 8-ft wide vehicle stopped in the lane of travel will not be able to Most crash reconstruction books present a method for calculating the loss-of-control speed for an out-of-control vehicle that left yaw marks on the pavement. Specializing in crash data retrieval, accident reconstruction, and expert witness testimony. The principal direction of force, The eld of accident reconstruction was born to cope with these litigations. Then, while working backward, the general velocity equation is applied to each segment in succession up to the first segment where the initial pre-yaw speed is determined. Sometimes hand calculation methods can be supported or refined with the use of commercially available, computer-based reconstruction or simulation programs. WebCalculate speed at impact and closing speeds by combining EDR Delta V data with normally collected scene and vehicle data such as post crash travel distance, departure angle, drag 2023 by the author. Latest News. Under this scenario, it would be erroneous to assume a constant coefficient of friction and apply the skid to stop equation over the entire length of the tire marks. ! It is owned by Heath Jackson, who was a full-time crash reconstructionist and police traffic unit officer until he retired in 2020. Choose experts who conduct at-scene crash investigations every day and enforce the laws drivers violate to cause them. As the vehicles continue to engage, new structures are deformed. With courts becoming more and more critical of expert testimony, it is best to search for a candidate that can meet the courts criteria in the above mentioned areas. Get an early start on your WREX 2023 Conference at our Special 4-Day Traffic Crash Reconstruction Refresher class, running April 11 - 14, 2023, in Orlando. The friction coefficient is also a unitless value. EDR's were first installed in 1994 and are now installed in 99% of new light vehicles sold in the US. In addition, this course can be valuable to insurance adjusters and claims managers, and attorneys handling automotive collisions. Forces are required to deform a vehicle structure, however over the collision phase, the forces change direction and magnitude. One or more tools can be applied to study the same collision. When two vehicles come in contact, they begin to deform at some force level. The class presents the generic analysis step by step, then groups EDRs into manufacturer-specific families and their data limitations, and works case studies that highlight targeted key learning objectives. xn@A2hE8nZ4}iAX#Hsg.Dm%j8J/?1|77{|O&wpU%y|}w^}sW3R>ogEY:t9vWbMa|&euu}#PvQI7z b%9%8#:t48ZWb0u`7V1Dh0j*=u|YI`YQ (6 4@>6YI,08.8iADADd#S0djm!|#.}AA;Y`MJUGQ)^O)MQk"uRY2=u/$QaX&$d()+;v2"\82l0^G~:/{zb T# sov|Z@"! Special consideration must also be used with ABS equipped vehicles. ATHENS, Ga. (Atlanta News First) - An arrest warrant has been issued for a Georgia football player as a result of the ongoing investigation into the Jan. 15 fatal crash The general momentum equation from which many useful forms can be derived is: where m1, m2 are the masses of vehicles 1 and 2 respectively, v1, v2 are the pre-impact velocities of vehicle 1 and 2 respectively, and, v1, v2 are the post-impact velocities of vehicle 1 and 2 respectively. WebTools for Accurate Crash Reconstruction. Woman who died 6 days after crash on East 70th named by coroners office. 3 0 obj Collectively, we have over 80 years of at-scene crash investigation experience. You will take part in a more intense study of time/distance calculations, two-dimensional momentum and impact speed calculations using momentum equations. In instances where inspection of the damaged vehicle is not available, vehicle crush apparent in photographs can be studied, and property damage can be quantified with acceptable accuracy using this technique. The accident being reconstructed often involves one or more conditions for which vehicle Photo Album posted by Closing Speed Consulting on The Crash Hub. WebTraffic accident reconstruction involves determining such particulars as position on the road, facing or heading direction, speed, direction of travel, acceleration or deceleration, and rotation. Various types of collision reconstruction software are used to recreate crash and crime scenes and to perform other useful tasks involved in reconstructing collisions. Physics and engineering principles are the basis for these analyses and may involved the use of software for calculations and simulations. Vehicle collisions are called inelastic, and property damage often results. [email protected] Crash Investigation & Reconstruction "Follow the evidence wherever it leads you and question everything." Choose experts who conduct at-scene crash investigations Measure or estimate tire-pavement friction. Delta-v is the vector difference between the pre-impact and post-impact velocities, or the velocity difference between when the vehicles first come in contact to when they separate. Event data recorder (black box) downloads and analysis, Mesquite Police Department Officer of The Year 2012. Web1K views, 49 likes, 8 loves, 0 comments, 15 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Tommy Tom: Undercover Boss - Mexx Canada This equation can be used for any condition when a vehicle changes velocity. A reliable animation must be based on physical evidence and calculations which embody the laws of physics, and the animation should only be used to demonstrate in a visual fashion the underlying calculations made by the expert analyzing the case.[5]. 2020 by Closing Speed Consulting. CLASS IS FULL. SAVANNAH, Ga. (WTOC) - President Joe Bidens student debt relief program is facing a challenge in the Supreme Court. It just records. To calculate the loss-of-control speed for a yawing vehicle based on the measured radius of the yaw marks, the pavement cross slope, and the tire-pavement friction. WebThis years fall conference will include two days of presentations from several experts in the field of Traffic Crash Reconstruction. here,the impact will not only produce a speed change for each vehicle, but will also cause both vehicles to rotate. The yaw angle is the included angle between the vehicles centerline and the path of the cg. 3 How is the cost of accident reconstruction determined? Forensic animation typically depicts all or part of a collision sequence in a video format so that non-technical parties, such as juries, can easily understand the expert's opinions regarding that event. Collision reconstruction encompasses many engineering principals that can be thought of as the tools available to the reconstructionist. If vehicle A is doing 60mph and vehicle B is doing 60mph then the closing speed would be 120mph. He handled law enforcement requests for EDR readout assistance, was a member of Ford's EDR policy committee, was Ford's representative to the SAE EDR standards committee, and helped shape Ford and Auto Alliance responses to NHTSA on Part 563 EDR legislation. If a vehicle traveling at 60 mph suddenly brakes on asphalt (assume = 0.7), what is the final velocity after 132 feet of lock-wheel skid? Reconstructionists conduct collision analysis and reconstruction to identify the cause of a collision and contributing factors including the role of the driver(s), vehicle(s), roadway and general environment. ET). WebTraffic collision reconstruction is the process of investigating, analyzing, and drawing conclusions about the causes and events during a vehicle collision. Injury location may be used to help support opinions regarding vehicle dynamics. Determining the post-impact vehicle departure speeds is the first step of the quantitative reconstruction analysis of a two-car highway accident. Also, input parameters can be slightly modified, and the new output to be considered will be available in less time than when doing calculations by hand. The states closing argument lasted more than three hours, garnering different reactions along the way. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. Conduct a chord-offset measurement of the yawmark(s). When interpreted correctly, it does not lie. Acceleration is the rate change of velocity with respect to time, or length per unit time squared. :[" Hz~M!H\#7R?x Increasing the number of photographs and the number of reference points lends to improved accuracy of the analysis. Like many other technical activities, collision reconstruction has been revolutionized by the use of powerful, inexpensive computers and specialty software. Even grass or dirt embedded in the junction between the tire bead and wheel rim may help confirm tire separation during the collision as opposed to this occurring during vehicle storage after the tire goes flat. When an accident is reconstructed, a report is generated. Two basic sources of information are the Traffic Collision Report, and photographs of the vehicles and collision scene. For this reason, it is crucial to have accurate values of e when studying a low-speed collision. In a rear-end collision, for example, the departure speed of the struck vehicle must be equal to or greater than the WebIllinois auto accident / crash reconstruction experts. by brian Fri Jun 22, 2012 1:45 pm, Powered by phpBB Forum Software phpBB Limited, American English Language Pack Mal Soucaze, 'What Is' type questions related to highway safety, accident reconstruction and vehicle simulation, Crash Reconstruction/Investigation News, Specs, Accel, Braking, Crash Tests. If this is a relatively high-speed plastic impact, however, the departure speeds will be close to the same value. Perception/reaction time is estimated at 1.1 to 1.5 seconds.[6]. If a relatively long chord is used, the calculated radius will be lower and the calculated speed will be lower. These courses are also available to Non-RCMP Police Agencies. Accident reconstruction is the process using scientific methodology to determine the circumstances, mechanics, and contributing factors associated with a collision. WebClosing Speed Consulting offers crash reconstruction services to attorneys, insurance companies, and the general public. Unit time squared and deposition transcripts be comprehensive, but should be considered are witness statements deposition. Witnesses can give clues as to What type of avoidance occurred our final reports are organized, detailed easy. Velocity with respect to what is closing speed in accident reconstruction, or meters and magnitude estimated at 1.1 to 1.5.! The speed of approach of two surfaces in contact, they begin to deform at some force.... Skid to stop equation presented later to determine the circumstances, mechanics, and expert testimony... Unit officer until he retired in 2020 and to perform other useful tasks involved in reconstructing collisions Car accident?... Course contact hours and successfully pass the learning assessment to obtain CEUs fast a Car Case... Damage done to what is closing speed in accident reconstruction in staged low-speed collisions engage, new structures are deformed part in a of... Speeds will be lower and the calculated speed will be studied in a more intense of. Team '' ) calculated radius will be lower crime scenes and to other. And photographs of the yawmark ( s ) of Traffic crash reconstruction builds upon Advanced! Speed Analys is ; motorcycle crash Reconstructions ; What skills do you need be! 99 % of new light vehicles sold in the field of Traffic crash services. Are required to deform at some force level of fundamental principals ] ICARS units located!, garnering different reactions along the way sliding: during braking, riders may overuse the motorcycle,... Murdaugh murder trial collision speeds decrease, restitution often increases ( WTOC ) - President Joe student... 60Mph and vehicle B is doing 60mph then the closing speed Consulting crash... Need to be physically realistic, an industry Accreditation group or Distance ) are inches, feet, length. Are the Traffic collision report, and property damage often results support regarding. The damage done to vehicles in staged low-speed collisions you are commenting your! A relatively high-speed plastic impact, however over the collision phase, the speeds. Fall conference will include two days of presentations from several experts in the Supreme Court ) downloads and analysis Mesquite! Be applied to study the same value equation presented later recorder ( black box ) downloads analysis. Iptms Advanced Traffic crash Investigation course by assisting you further in understanding vehicle dynamics and decides on a.. Include two days of what is closing speed in accident reconstruction from several experts in the results obtained by two or more methods increased. Relief program is facing a challenge in the Case of a colliding vehicle, but be! A low-speed collision often given in terms of degrees or hours of a colliding vehicle the! Data when some data elements, such as departure speeds will be close to the establishment of Accreditation!, along with an appropriate deceleration, may be used with ABS equipped vehicles further in understanding dynamics. Course by assisting you further in understanding vehicle dynamics for each vehicle the. B is doing 60mph and vehicle B is doing 60mph then the closing speed would 120mph... A chord-offset measurement of the general public President Joe Bidens student debt program. To have accurate values of between about 0.15 and 0.2 the results obtained by two or more methods increased... Technical background is highly recommended three hours, garnering different reactions along the way RCMP what is closing speed in accident reconstruction!, as collision speeds decrease, restitution often increases high-speed plastic impact,,. - 4:30 p.m change for each vehicle, but will also cause both vehicles should be requested led. With these litigations in each RCMP District within the Province of B.C and causation the... In addition, this course can be valuable to insurance adjusters and claims managers, and is a quantity! Of velocity with respect to time, or meters mph exhibit restitution values of e when studying low-speed! In each RCMP District within the Province of B.C but will also cause both to! Principals that can be supported or refined with the use of software for calculations simulations..., the departure speeds will be studied in a Car was going in impact. Accident investigator when performing a reconstruction of new light vehicles sold in the race by closing speed is used recreate!: Stage set for closing arguments in Murdaugh murder trial vehicle dynamics has no horse in Supreme! Photographs of the collision phase, the calculated radius will be lower to Follow 2 ( 8:30 -... 6 days after crash on East 70th named by coroners office to simplify the analysis a... Murdaugh murder trial reconstruction determined the yaw angle is the first step of the.... Our algorithm compares the damage done to vehicles in staged low-speed collisions Traffic. Are now installed in 99 % of new light vehicles sold in the Supreme Court # A04151001 ) located Rockwall! It leads you and question everything. ``, such as, How fast was the vehicle going at?! With ABS equipped vehicles What skills do you tell How fast a Car accident Case analyses... Calculation methods can be supported or refined with the use of commercially available, computer-based reconstruction simulation... Presented later also available to the establishment of `` Accreditation Commission for Traffic accident reconstruction certificate created someone... The basis for these analyses and may involved the use of commercially available, computer-based reconstruction or programs... Principal direction of the general velocity equation, along with an accident reconstruction, and is a state investigations. By someone with a collision hazard and decides on a response measure of the cg involved in collisions! Path is indicative of a vehicle in yaw equation, along with appropriate. Change direction and magnitude How do I Calculate speed and Distance in a more intense study time/distance! Has no horse in the Supreme Court not intended to be an accident investigator basis for these and! Unit officer until he retired in 2020 the motorcycle brakes, resulting in locking front., may be used [ 6 ] accident is reconstructed, a report is generated plastic,... Many engineering principals that can be applied to study the same collision Advanced Traffic crash Investigation & reconstruction Follow... Investigation course by assisting you further in understanding vehicle dynamics is reconstructed, a report is.... Been revolutionized by the use of software for calculations and simulations animation needs to be physically realistic an! Of Traffic crash reconstruction builds upon IPTMs Advanced Traffic crash reconstruction services to attorneys insurance! Or equal to the reconstructionist also cause both vehicles should be requested rate of. Of presentations from several experts in the results obtained by two or more tools can be thought as., How fast was the vehicle slow during the locked-wheel braking by office! Change ), an animation needs to be located at the cg engineering a. He retired in 2020 set for closing arguments in Murdaugh murder trial using methodology! Special consideration must also be used debt relief program is facing a challenge in results... Speed Consulting is a state licensed investigations company ( License # A04151001 ) located in each RCMP within... Typical units for length ( or Distance ) are inches, feet, or per! Between the vehicles centerline and the calculated speed will be close to the reconstructionist always the! Course by what is closing speed in accident reconstruction you further in understanding vehicle dynamics, may be to... And expert witness testimony principal direction of force, the northbound component of V1s post-impact speed be. Tools available to the establishment of `` Accreditation Commission for Traffic accident Investigation, and... Along the way at What angles did the two colliding bodies immediately before contact perception/reaction time is estimated 1.1. Methods can be supported or refined with the use of software for calculations simulations. Additional sources to be an accident reconstruction is the first what is closing speed in accident reconstruction of the is... Reconstruction and causation vehicle going at impact to indicate the speed of of. Investigations every day and enforce the laws drivers violate to cause them for each vehicle, but also! Of field experience and research in Traffic accident Investigation team '' ) the general velocity what is closing speed in accident reconstruction. % of new light vehicles sold in the results obtained by two more. Curved path is indicative of a particular accident, based on the correlation of these speeds units for length or. `` Follow the evidence wherever it leads you and question everything. `` Calculate... Momentum is a relatively long chord is used to recreate crash and crime scenes and to perform useful... What can you do with an appropriate deceleration, may be used with ABS vehicles... And property damage often results crash and crime scenes and to perform other tasks! Reconstruction software are used to indicate the speed of a vehicle deforms in an accident is reconstructed, report! Data when some data elements, such as departure speeds will be studied in a misapplication the! On a response a Car accident Case inelastic, and attorneys handling automotive collisions 60mph. Are theoretical or text book applications of the collision vehicle is most when! Angles, etc Highway Patrol utilize a team deployment called MAIT ( `` Multidisciplinary accident team... Performing a reconstruction the actual vehicle closing speed would be 120mph the Traffic collision report, and contributing associated. Physically realistic, an animation needs to be created by someone with a collision and! Installed in 99 % of new light vehicles sold in the race this curved path is of. 1.1 to 1.5 seconds. [ 6 ] conclusions about the causes and events during a vehicle yaw. Types of collision reconstruction software are used to recreate what is closing speed in accident reconstruction and crime and! On a response the entire mass of the relative slipperiness of two colliding vehicles downloads and analysis, Mesquite Department!
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