Parts of the Spratly Islands, a collection of reefs, rocks and other features, are claimed by China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Taiwan, Indonesia and Japan, but there are disputes about who owns what. Its actual behavior says what it wants. Major marine species include hairtail, chub mackerel, black scraper, anchovy, shrimps, crabs and smaller fishes. This makes it incredibly difficult to properly police the rate of resource extraction. The U.S. Geological Survey in 2012 estimated that there could be another 160 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and 12 billion barrels of oil undiscovered in the South China Sea. It is anticipated that Vietnam's power demand will more than triple to 330 billion KWh between 2011 and 2020. More than half of the world's fishing vessels are in the South China Sea, and millions of people depend on these waters for their food and livelihoods. But Beijing largely views U.N.-backed codes of maritime governance as incompatible with domestic laws, and has continued dredging projects on seven disputed . Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Zoom in and out with the + and buttons, move around the map by clicking and dragging, and use the menu to toggle the oil and gas licensing blocks and claims of each country. Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam contest China's claim to almost all of the South China Sea. The sea has in recent years become a flashpoint for tensions between China and other nations which claim sovereignty over two largely uninhabited island chains, the Paracels and the Spratlys. This year, satellite images have shown that China is building an airstrip in the Spratly Islands, as well as ports and a pair of lighthouses, which is contested by the neighbour countries. As intra-ASEAN trade has markedly increasedfrom 29 percent of total ASEAN trade in 1980 to 41 percent in 2009maintaining freedom of navigation has become of paramount importance for the region. A 2012 Johns Hopkins paper notes that Southeast Asia has transformed in the last two decades to an area where Chinese power and strategic ambition confront an established U.S. military presence, and where a Chinese perception of the status of the South China Sea is fundamentally at odds with a long-settled consensus among major maritime states. The South China Sea Dispute Is Decimating Fish Stocks. An official website of the United States government. The Chinese telecommunications company faces accusations that Beijing could use its 5G infrastructure for espionage. by Jonathan Masters and Will Merrow The coastal fringes of the South China Sea are home to about 270 million people that have had some of the fastest developing and most vibrant economies on the globe. by Lindsay Maizland In 2019 a specialist ship, Hai Yang Di Zhi Ba Hao, surveyed the Vietnamese EEZ. Stay Connected! Unlike the United States and EU, which are engaged in other regions of the world, the Southeast Asian countries are compelled to spend more protecting their most immediate interests. David Rosenbergs article [PDF] for the Harvard Asia Quarterly delves into what's at risk in the South China Sea, including the region's resources profiles, shipping lanes and fisheries. It is a territorial dispute over a busy waterway. One year in, the war in Ukraine shows no sign of ending. Three years ago an arbitration tribunal issued a decision finding that Chinas maritime claims in the South China Sea are inconsistent with the Law of the Sea Convention. The major rivers draining into the South China Sea are the tributaries of the Pearl (Zhu) River Delta south of Guangzhou (Canton), China, including the Xi River; the Red River at Haiphong, Viet. This chapter explores the very latest developments in the South China Sea maritime dispute. "From the 1930s to 1940s, Japan illegally seized some parts of the South China Sea Islands during . The United States champions a free and open Indo-Pacific. September 1, 2020, 9:00 PM. The South China Sea is a marginal sea and, therefore, largely surrounded by land. In December 2012, Chinas National Energy Administration named the disputed waters as the main offshore site for natural gas production, and a major Chinese energy company has already begun drilling in deep water off the southern coast. As China builds islands in the middle of the South China Sea, once underwater reefs have become sandy islands with airfields, roads, buildings, and bases for missile systems. The U.S. and other Western nations have pushed for a "rule-based order" in the South China Sea, which carries a large portion of the world's maritime freight traffic, calling it critical to regional security and economic prosperity. The South China Sea is poorly understood in terms of its marine biota, ecology and the human impacts upon it. People depend upon the natural resources of South China Sea nations, and scientists should work together to understand how overfishing, coral reef destruction and . Its not the Cold War by any means, but theyre still not very open with each other about military modernization.. This broad trough is about 130 feet (40 metres) deep at its periphery and up to 330 feet (100 metres) in its central part. 1982 More than 160 nations conclude the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea, an international treaty setting out the framework governing the oceans and their uses. But why now? The Philippines also embarked on a modernization program costing roughly $1 billion that will rely heavily on U.S. sales of cutters and potentially fighter jets. It is hypothetically possible therefore, that total gas resources (as opposed to proved reserves) in the South China Sea would be almost 900 trillion cubic feet (Tcf). Official websites use .gov with Ivan Kanapathy, Bonny Lin and Stephen S. Roach, In June 2011, Vietnam accused a Chinese fishing boat of, from an oil exploration vessel inside its EEZ. The seas major feature is a deep rhombus-shaped basin in the eastern part, with reef-studded shoals rising up steeply within the basin to the south (Reed and Tizard banks and the Nanshan Island area) and northwest (Paracel Islands and Macclesfield banks). While Vietnam is in the early stages of developing its energy trading market, the country could stand to gain a lot from claiming more reserves from the South China Sea than it currently has access to. It is overfishing which ultimately causes fisheries to dwindle in numbers. Experts say that the United States faces a dilemma and tough balancing act in the region, as some countries in ASEAN would like it to play a more forceful role to counter what they see as a greater Chinese assertiveness, while others want to see less U.S. involvement. The Tribunal rejects Chinas maritime claims that go beyond the entitlements set out in the Law of the Sea Convention. C.V. Starr & Co. It has an emerging renewable energy market as few fossil fuel resources are available, but backup resources of natural gas could also be of economic interest. Philippine exports of fisheries products to China and the Hong Kong SAR have grown rapidly over the past five years, from $49 million in 2009 to almost $129 million in 2013 - an average annual . Is Chinas Huawei a Threat to U.S. National Security? . Beijing claims the Spratly Islands to be its 'indisputable sovereign territory'; something unsurprisingly disputed by the surrounding countries Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and Taiwan. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. The inner zone of mud is characteristic of the continental shelf near the Mekong and Red river deltas, while the sediment of the deeper parts of the South China Sea is mainly composed of clay. Acting on any exploitation activities within disputed areas could mean a loss for firms if they have to retreat due to military threats. In this Contingency Planning Memorandum, Bonnie S. Glaser says the priority on all sides should be to avoid military conflict, even as China spars with its Southeast Asian neighbors. Houston-based oil and gas company Harvest Natural Resources Inc (HNR) was given rights to drill in the sea by China in 1998, in the same location that Talisman of Canada had been separately granted rights by Vietnam. Professor of Political Science, Middlebury College, To Compete With China, the United States Needs to Fix Immigration, What Chinas Surveillance Balloon Says About U.S.-China Relations, International Institutions and Global Governance program Working Paper. Data was gathered from publicly available sources, including the Oil and Gas Year, DrillingInfo, IHS Markit, Shell International E&P, and the Department of Energy of the Philippines. The attempted arrest of the poachers led to a two-month standoff between the two countries. It has been answered by China's behavior. February 1, 2023 But skeptics worry that China is laying a debt trap for borrowing governments. And the South China Sea has become the hub of that. Annual rainfall varies from about 80 inches (2,000 mm) to more than 120 inches (3,000 mm) around the southern basin. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Hostilities resurfaced in May 2014, when Chinese vessels fired water cannons at a Vietnamese flotilla that allegedly approached a large Chinese drilling rig near the Paracel Islands. Read about our approach to external linking. by James McBride, Noah Berman and Andrew Chatzky ASEANs six-point statement in July made no reference to specific incidents, and only outlined an agreement to draft and implement a regional code of conduct, respect international law, and exercise self-restraint. The South China Sea first becomes a factor in Chinese policy when a cartographer working for the Republic of China (ROC) government created a map with a broken line encompassing almost the entire South China Sea. For example, the Spratly Islands are claimed in entirety by China, Taiwan and Vietnam and in part by Brunei, the Philippines and Malaysia; each except Brunei occupies some of the islands. Along the northwest side of the basin toward the mainland is a broad, shallow shelf as wide as 150 miles (240 km). About 6 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of liquefied natural gas, or more than half of global LNG trade, passed through the South China Sea in 2011. From strategic competition with China, to military recruiting and readiness, there are many benefits to adopting strong clean car standards. It is also studded with numerous islets, atolls and reefs many of which are just awash at low tide. China has caused fresh international controversy by authorizing a revised map in its new passports that shows disputed territories to be under Chinese sovereignty. In the most recent clash, the Philippines naval forces intercepted eight Chinese fishing vessels in the Scarborough Shoal in April 2012, finding what they viewed as illegally fished marine life on board. In 2012, then Chinese president Hu Jintao voiced his desire to make China a powerful maritime nation. Coral reefs, which are vital to marine habitats, have been declining by 16 percent per decade, according to a report from the Center for Strategic and International Studies. It may not be worth the money and effort on China's part to be concerned about the Spratly islands if there are not vast reserves to cover the country's massive energy demands for more than a few years. stocks, coral, and other undersea resources. February 8, 2023, Backgrounder This is a very important issue, and has become the main concern of Japan, the United States and even right now the European Union, says Dr. Yann-Huei Song, a fellow at Academia Sinica in Taiwan. China also has repeatedly rejected the mechanisms for arbitration provided by the UN. The Sunda Shelf is covered with littoral sediments contributed by submerged valleys. July 13, 2020. The western connection to the Indian Ocean is the long Strait of Malacca. ..Find out more, Innovating Out of the Climate Crisis: Carbon Emissions, As the private sector, federal regulators, and climate activists alike search for more tools to keep carbon out of the atmosphere, active carbon management approaches like carbon capture, utilization, and storage once seen as too costly, too risky, or both are gaining renewed attention. In a radio communication, the pilots were warned to leave the area "immediately" in order to "avoid any misunderstanding". A curation of original analyses, data visualizations, and commentaries, examining the debates and efforts to improve health worldwide. One of the largest impasses to a resolution is Chinas insistence on conducting most of its diplomacy on a bilateral basis, wrote CFRs Stewart Patrick. An estimated $3.37 trillion worth, or 21% of all global trade, transited through the South China Sea in 2016, according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. In winter the general surface temperature is cooler, ranging from about 70 F (21 C) in the north to 81 F (27 C) in the south. To assert its sovereignty over the area, the country has built more artificial islands in the past year than the neighbouring countries have built between them over the last four decades. In spite of the focus on hydrocarbon reserves, some scholars suggest that disputes over fishing rights have emerged as a larger driver of conflict. Arguments over who owns what in the South China Sea region have been going on for centuries. Washington, DC 20036. A U.S. Navy plane recently flying over the South China Sea reportedly received an ominous radio warning from China before the country scrambled a jet to track the U.S. aircraft. International tribunals, like the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, are available, but nations use it selectively in light of the potential domestic political ramifications of appearing conciliatory. This was despite protests . The United States will continue to stand with our allies and partners to uphold the order that we helped build, Pencesaid. February 23, 2023, By entering your email and clicking subscribe, you're agreeing to receive announcements from CFR about our products and services, as well as invitations to CFR events. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Ships carrying around $5tn worth of goods pass through the South China Sea every year and the US has warned China not to interfere with this trade. Six graphics illustrate the extraordinary level of support the United States has provided Ukraine this past year in its war against Russian invaders. Member, Commission for Developing Countries, International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean. The disputes arent limited to land, however; each country has an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), prescribed by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), over which it has special rights to marine resources and energy exploration and production. The South China Sea has emerged as one of the most dangerous flashpoints in the Indo-Pacific over the last decade. Renewing America. In such a complex environment, it is important to have well-established, recognizable rules of international law. For example, there is a block in the South China Sea called Wan'an Bei 21 (WAB-21) which lies over 650 nautical miles from the Chinese coast and 200 miles from Vietnam's. no consensus has been formed on the numbers. But it's not just a case of marking territory. The Chinese jet flew alongside the U.S. Navy plane for over an hour. Last week, China and the US held naval exercises in the area at the same time - a rare phenomenon indicating rising tensions. Of the three major nearshore habitat types, i.e., coral reefs, mangroves and seagrasses, 45 mangrove species out of a global of 51, most of the currently recognised 70 coral genera and 20 of 50 known seagrass species have been recorded from the South China Sea. And the South China Sea has become the hub of that.. Though total estimates vary, the region is thought to contain oil reserves of at least 7.7 billion proven barrels, with more optimistic estimates reaching as high as 213 billion barrels. 2014 The United States and the Philippines sign an enhanced defense pact, strengthening the U.S.-Filipino relationship. The Obama administration has not only worked to strengthen ties with ASEAN, but has also forged tighter relations with individual countries like Myanmar, where it has developed a new focus and strategy of engagement. In the bigger context, the Trump administration has pledged to overturn what it says is 40 years of policy failure with regard to China. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. US Defence Secretary Ashton Carter says the US will "fly, sail and operate wherever international law allows" noting that South China Sea is no exception, which China has seen as a threat. South China Sea, Chinese Nan Hai, arm of the western Pacific Ocean that borders the Southeast Asian mainland. Mr Pompeo's comments come amid worsening relations between China and a number of other countries. But it is the . The United States and other Western countries are reevaluating their foreign investment regulations amid an uptick in Chinese interest in strategic sectors. Four years after an international tribunal in The Hague ruled that China's claims in the region had no legal basis, the US has for the first time officially made its stance clear. It embraces an area of about 1,423,000 square miles (3,685,000 square km), with a mean depth of 3,976 feet (1,212 metres). China's pursuit of offshore resources in parts of the South China Sea is "completely unlawful", US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo has said. This shelf includes the Gulf of Tonkin and the Taiwan Strait and the large islands of Hainan and Taiwan. February 28, 2023 For decades, territorial disputes have occurred with peaceful solutions from . by Olivia Angelino, Thomas J. Bollyky, Elle Ruggiero and Isabella Turilli The row affected Vietnams. Exploring Differing Perspectives. Menu Skip to content Home Monsoons control the sea-surface currents as well as the exchange of water between the South China Sea and adjacent bodies of water. 2009 China issues two diplomatic notes that appear to claim a majority of the South China Sea. Over the last 10 years, the conflict in the South China Sea has been constantly in the spotlight. Many fishermen are forced to resort to more efficient and aggressive techniques . We are making clear: Beijing's claims to offshore resources across most of the South China Sea are completely unlawful, as is its campaign of bullying to control them. According to some estimates however, 40% of the stocks are collapsed or overexploited and 70% of the coral reefs are heavily depleted. South China Sea is full of natural resources like Gas, Oil, Coral Lime, high Silicate, Sand, quality Gem, natural pearls, fish, birds and sea slugs. The dizzying rise of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies has created new challenges for governments and central banks. These zones come into play during disputes over sea territory, as displayed in Chinas December 2012 spat with Vietnam over oil and fishing activity in the waters near the Paracel Islands. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Experts argue that the mutual benefits [PDF] from regional economic integration provide an extremely compelling incentive for cooperation on resources, conservation, and security movements, according to a Harvard Quarterly paper. The China Sea Basin is believed to have dropped 2.5 miles (4 km), leaving residual plateaus studded with numerous coral reefs, islets, and banks, some of which are drowned atolls. The South China Sea is a strategically important sea. But the South China Sea has been dangerously overfished. Article In a statement on Monday, Mr Pompeo denounced China's claims on the disputed Spratly Islands in the South China Sea, saying Beijing had "no legal grounds to unilaterally impose its will on the region". The US has long been critical of what it says is China's militarisation of the region and routinely angers Beijing with "freedom of navigation" missions. Vietnams 2011 Licensing Round Territorial Disputes are Li South Africa Upstream Fiscal and Regulatory Report - Pending Libya Upstream Fiscal and Regulatory Report - Instability Co Oil and Gas Upstream Analysis Report- Indonesia South Mahaka Why LNG terminals will not be transporting hydrogen any time soon, Big Oil profits soared to nearly $200bn in 2022. February 2, 2023. The Taiwan Strait on the north is about 100 miles (160 km) wide, with a depth of about 230 feet (70 metres). The South China Sea disputes continue to confuse and confound policymakers. China was the first country to discover, name, explore and exploit the resources of the South China Sea Islands and the first to continuously exercise sovereign powers over them," the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs wrote in December 2014. Malaysia is a fast-growing developing nation, and it has come a long way to develop its economy since gaining independence in 1957. This is a huge sum, and if true, would be the equivalent of about 80 percent of the oil reserves of Saudi Arabia. Contributing to this abundance are the extensive runoff of nutrient-laden waters from land and the upwellings of water in certain areas of the sea. CNOOC's estimates are higher at 125 billion barrels of oil and 500 trillion cubic feet of gas. All of Total fish stocks have been depleted by 70 to 95 percent since the 1950s. Vietnam's crucial offshore energy industry is being squeezed as US-China tensions rise in the South China Sea. . It said America "exaggerates the situation in the region and attempts to sow discord between China and other littoral countries. China has previously accused the US Navy of provocation and interference in regional matters. Weekly. The South China Sea comprises a stretch of roughly 1.4 million square miles in the Pacific Ocean that encompasses an area from the Singapore and Malacca Straits to the Strait of Taiwan, spanning . South China Sea - An Overview. Overfishing and destructive practices such as dynamite and cyanide fishing primarily contribute to this depletion. On maps, China depicts its claims with a "nine-dash line" (see Figure The South China Sea has long been considered a flashpoint for regional tensions in East and Southeast Asia. This was only the most recent incident highlighting . ; and the Mekong River, near Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon), Viet. China's military said it "drove away" a U.S. warship that illegally entered Chinese waters near the Paracel Islands Monday, the anniversary of an . The South China Sea islands number in the hundreds, although the largest and most contentious territories include the Spratly Islands, Paracel Islands, Pratas Islands, Macclesfield Bank, and Scarborough Shoal, to which all of the six major Southeast Asian nations lay various claims. The "nine-dash line" is a controversial demarcation line used by China for its claim to territories and waters in the South China Sea, most notably over the Scarborough Shoal and the Paracel and Spratly Islandsthe two most important disputed island groups. China is also interested in the estimated 150 billion cubic metres of compressed natural gas in the form of methane hydrates in the South China Sea, which is crystalline ice with methane trapped inside it. As Tommy Koh, a senior Singaporean diplomat who led negotiations to create the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, told me, "the South China Sea is about law, power, and resources . The fish, seabed, and other resources of the South China Sea belong to China. However, Yann-Huei says China is unlikely to instigate an interruption in traffic because its business, exploration, and importation rely entirely on freedom of navigation as well. The near-surface waters are relatively warm (about 84 F [29 C] in the summer) because of the low latitude and a tendency for the equatorial current to feed warm water into the area. This is an issue that doesnt make big headlines, but 1.5 billion people live there and rely heavily on fisheries for food and jobs, Rosenberg says. The U.S. Energy Information Agency estimates that the South China Sea holds about 190 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and 11 billion barrels of oil in proved and probable reserves, most of which lie along the margins of the South China Sea rather than under disputed islets and reefs. ..Find out more, Clean Car Standards and National Security, The clean energy transition and strong clean car standards have several benefits for public health and the environment, but also have implications for national security. In 2013 the US Energy Information Administration estimated that the South China Sea contained resources equating to 11 billion barrels of oil and 190 trillion cubic feet of gas. Near the mainland the general flow is northeasterly, passing out through the Taiwan and Luzon straits. Surrounding countries however have emerging energy markets, which could derive greater benefit from exploiting the Spratlys for oil and gas. Backgrounder Months earlier, China landed bombers in the disputed territory to take part in drills on islands and reefs. With access to methane hydrates, Taiwan could develop its own energy market further without relying so much on expensive imports. Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures, Backgrounder An EEZ spans outward 200 nautical miles from the coast of the each states territorial sea, and may include the continental shelf beyond the 200-mile limit. 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